送你一本区块链字典，不懂的时候翻一翻

本期为大家奉上一本区块链“字典”，再也不用担心看不懂这些冰冷的术语了。

中英对照版区块链字典

ASIC

An abbreviation for “Application Specific Integrated Circuit.” Often compared to GPUs, ASICs are specifically designed for mining and may offer significant power savings.

“专用集成电路”的缩写。通常与GPU相比，ASIC专门用于采矿，可以显著节省功耗。

Bitcoin 比特币

Bitcoin is the first decentralised, open source cryptocurrency that runs on a global peer to peer blockchain.

比特币是全球第一个去中心化开源加密货币，“比特币”既可以指这种虚拟货币单位，也指比特币网络或者网络节点使用的比特币软件。

Block 区块

Blocks are packages of data that are permanently recorded on blockchain.

Block是永久记录在区块链上的数据包。

Blockchain 区块链

A blockchain is a shared ledger where transactions are permanently recorded by adding blocks. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a merkle tree root hash). By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way".

区块链是一个共享分类账，通过添加区块永久记录交易。区块链（英语：blockchain或block chain）是借由密码学串接并保护内容的串连交易记录（又称区块）。每一个区块包含了前一个区块的加密散列、相应时间戳标记以及交易数据（通常用默克尔树算法计算的散列值表示），这样的设计使得区块内容具有难以窜改的特性。用区块链所串接的分布式账本能让两方有效纪录交易，且可永久查验此交易。

Block Explorer 区块浏览器

Block explorer is an online tool for reviewing all transactions, past and current, on the blockchain. It exists for easier reading of blockchain and pulling data directly from it: thus, we can check if the blockchain is valid or not. In addition, block explorer offers helpful information such as network hash rate and transaction growth.

Block Explorer是一个在线工具，用于搜索查看区块链上的所有交易，包括过去和当前的交易。它的存在是为了更容易阅读区块链，并直接从中提取数据，从而便于检查区块链的有效性。此外，区块浏览器还提供有用的信息，如网络哈希率和交易增长等数据。

Block Height 区块高度

The number of blocks of a single blockchain.

区块高度是区块链接在主链的个数，也就是连接在区块链上的块数。

Block Reward 区块奖励

A form of incentive for the miner who successfully calculates the hash in a block during mining. Verification of transactions on the blockchain generates new coins, and the miner gets them as the reward in the process.

对矿工的一种激励形式。矿工对区块链上交易的验证产生新的Coin，它们将作为对矿工的奖励。

Confirmation 确认

The successful act of hashing a transaction and adding it to the blockchain.

当一项交易被区块收录时，即有一次确认。矿工们在此区块之后每再产生一个区块，此项交易的确认数就再加一。当确认数达到六及以上时，通常认为这笔交易比较安全并难以逆转。

Consensus共识

Consensus is achieved when all participants of the network agree on the validity of the transactions, ensuring that the ledgers are exact replicas of each other.

当网络的所有参与者就交易的有效性达成一致时，实现了共识，确保分类账是彼此的精确复制品。

Cryptocurrency 加密货币

It is a digital currency which is cryptographically encrypted and usually decentralized. Tokens represent this virtual asset.

一种加密的数字货币，通常是去中心化的。代币是虚拟资产的代表形式。

DAPP（Decentralized Application）去中心化应用程序

Often referred to as Ðapp, dApp or decentralised application, DApp is an application that is open source, operates autonomously, stores data on a blockchain and has incentives in the form of utility tokens. DApp performs on a protocol that shows proof of value.

Dapp，dApp或去中心化应用程序，是一个开源的应用程序，可以自主运行，将数据存储在区块链中，并以代币的形式提供激励。 DAPP在显示价值证明的协议上执行。

DAC

Decentralised Autonomous Charity — a type of DAO, the purpose of which is solely non-profit activity. DACs like Giveth strive to automate the donation process, making it more efficient and transparent.

去中心化自治慈善机构，是DAO的一种，其目的仅为非营利活动。譬如，像Giveth这样的DAC努力实现捐赠过程的自动化，使其更加高效和透明。

DAO

Decentralised Autonomous Organization was conceived as a corporation run without any human intervention.

去中心化自治组织，一个没有任何人为干预的公司/组织。

Distributed Ledger 分布式账本

Distributed ledgers are ledgers in which data is stored across a network of decentralized nodes.

分布式账本是分类账，其中数据存储在分散节点的网络中。

DLT

Distributed Ledger Technology or DLT is a general name for a class of technology that relies on distributed ledgers and cryptography. Blockchain is an example of DLT.

分布式分类帐技术或DLT是依赖于分布式分类帐和加密技术这一类技术的通用名称。区块链是DLT的一个例子。

Distributed Network 分布式网络

A type of network where processing power and data are shared across nodes rather than possessed by a centralised server or entity.

分布式网络中，处理能力和数据在节点之间共享，而不是由集中式服务器或实体拥有。

Digital Signature 电子签名

A digital code generated by public key encryption which is attached to a document transmitted electronically. Digital signature verifies the contents and the sender’s identity.

由公钥加密生成的数字代码，附加到以电子方式传输的文档中。数字签名用于验证内容和发件人的身份。

Double Spending 双重支付

Double-spending is a potential flaw in a digital cash scheme in which the same single digital token can be spent more than once. This is possible because a digital token consists of a digital file that can be duplicated or falsified. As with counterfeit money, such double-spending leads to inflation by creating a new amount of fraudulent currency that did not previously exist. This devalues the currency relative to other monetary units, and diminishes user trust as well as the circulation and retention of the currency. Fundamental cryptographic techniques to prevent double-spending while preserving anonymity in a transaction are blind signatures and particularly in offline systems, secret splitting. Therefore, they have to solve this issue with help of different consensus protocols.

双重支付（又称一币多付、双花攻击）是一种数字货币失败模式的构想，即同一个数字token可以被花用两次及以上。电子文件可被复制，所以“花用”这个行为并不会从原持有者身上移除拥有的状态，也就是"创建"已支付但未移除的货币，加上属于收款者的已支付的同金额货币，或是使收款者凭空多出多重支付的金额，犹如伪钞般，造成通货膨胀而导致货币贬值，从而不再让人信任并愿意持有及流通。它是一种攻击去中心化代币的攻击手段。因此，必须借助不同的共识协议来解决这个问题。

ERC20

It is a token standard developed by Ethereum community for interoperability with tokens of other projects. ERC223 and ERC721 are additional types of the token standard on the Ethereum network. ERC827 is one of the latest improvements to ERC20.

ERC20是由以太坊社区开发的标准代币，用于与其他代币进行互操作。 ERC223和ERC721是以太坊网络上的其他类型的代币。 ERC827是ERC20的最新改进之一。

Ethereum 以太坊

Ethereum is a blockchain-based decentralised platform for apps that run smart contracts, and is aimed at solving issues associated with censorship, fraud and third party intervention.

以太坊是一个基于区块链的去中心化操作平台，适用于运行智能合约，旨在解决与审查、欺诈和第三方干预相关的问题。

EVM

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a Turing complete virtual machine that lets anyone perform arbitrary EVM Byte Code. Each Ethereum node operates on the EVM to maintain consensus across the blockchain.

以太坊虚拟机（EVM）是图灵完整的虚拟机，可让任何人执行任意EVM字节代码。每个以太坊节点都在EVM上运行，以保持区块链的一致性。

Fork 分叉

To fork means to create an alternative version of the existing blockchain, leaving two blockchains to act simultaneously on separate parts of the network.

Fork分叉这个动作意味着创建一个替代版本，使两个区块链同时在网络的不同部分上运行。

Genesis Block 创世块

The very first block on a blockchain. It includes all the primary settings a blockchain needs.

区块链上的第一个区块，它包括区块链所需的所有主要设置。

Hard Fork 硬分叉

A permanent divergence in the the block chain, commonly occurs when non-upgraded nodes can’t validate blocks created by upgraded nodes that follow newer consensus rules.

区块链发生永久性分歧，在新共识规则发布后，部分没有升级的节点无法验证已经升级的节点生产的区块，通常硬分叉就会发生。

Hash 哈希

The act of performing a hash function on the output data.

对输出数据执行散列函数的行为。

Hash Function 哈希函数

A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of a fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, digests, or simply hashes. Hash functions are often used in combination with a hash table, a common data structure used in computer software for rapid data lookup. Hash functions accelerate table or database lookup by detecting duplicated records in a large file. One such application is finding similar stretches in DNA sequences. They are also useful in cryptography.

哈希函数，是一种从任何一种数据中创建小的数字“指纹”的方法。散列函数把消息或数据压缩成摘要，使得数据量变小，将数据的格式固定下来。该函数将数据打乱混合，重新创建一个叫做散列值（hash values，hash codes，hash sums，或hashes）的“指纹”。

SHA-256计算算法是比特币中使用的加密哈希的一个例子。其他例子包括以太坊中的Ethash，Litecoin中的Scrypt和Monero中的CryptoNight。

Hash Rate 哈希率

Measurement of efficiency for the mining rig expressed in hashes per second.

网络处理能力的测量单位，以每秒哈希数计量的采矿设备效率。

Hybrid（混合） PoW+PoS

A hybrid PoW+PoS allows for both Proof of Work and Proof of Stake as consensus algorithms on the network. In this method, a balance between miners and voters (holders) may be achieved, creating a system of community-based governance by both insiders (holders) and outsiders (miners).

混合PoW + PoS，允许PoW和PoS作为网络上的一致性算法。在这种方法中，可以实现矿工和选民（持有人）之间的平衡，由内部人（持有人）和外部人（矿工）建立一个基于社区的治理体系。

Mining 挖矿

Mining is a procedure of validating blockchain transactions. The necessity of validation guarantees an incentive for the miners, usually in the form of tokens.

挖矿是验证区块链交易的过程。验证的必要性保证了对矿工的激励，通常以代币的形式发放。

Multi-Signature 多重签名

Multi-signature addresses provide an added layer of security by requiring more than one key to authorize a transaction.

多重签名通过要求多个密钥来授权事务，从而保证更高的安全性。

Oracle

Oracle works by connecting the real world and blockchain and providing data to the smart contracts.

Oracle连接现实世界和区块链，并为智能合约提供数据。

Peer to Peer 点对点

Peer to Peer (P2P) refers to the decentralized interactions between two parties or more in a highly-interconnected network. Participants of a P2P network deal directly with each other through a single mediation point.

点对点（P2P）是指在高度互联的网络中双方或更多方之间的分散交互。 P2P网络的参与者通过单个调解点直接相互处理。

Public Address 公钥

A public address is the cryptographic hash of a public key. It acts as an email address that can be published anywhere, unlike private keys.

Public Address是公钥的加密哈希。它扮演电子邮件地址角色，可以在任何地方发布，与私钥不同。

Private Key 私钥

A private key is a string of of alphanumeric characters. It acts as a password which is hidden from anyone but the owner of the address.

私钥是一串字母数字字符，相当于密码，不可以让他人知晓。

Proof of Stake

A consensus algorithm that rewards earnings based on the number of coins you own or hold. The more you invest in the coin, the more you gain by staking with this protocol.

PoS是一种共识算法，根据持有的代币数量奖励收入。持有的代币越多，通过使用这个协议获得的收益就越多。

Proof of Work

A consensus algorithm that requires an active role in producing or “mining” data blocks. The process often consumes resources such as electricity. The more “work” you perform, the more coins you get as a reward.

PoW是一种共识算法，获得奖励者需在生成区块或挖矿时发挥积极作用，过程通常消耗诸如电力之类的资源。执行的“工作”越多，获得的奖励就越多。

Smart Contracts 智能合约

Smart contracts encode definitive rules in a programmable language onto the blockchain and are enforced by the participants of the network. Using the “if-then” structure they allow automating a business and other applications.

智能合约将可编程语言中的确定性规则编码到区块链上，并由网络参与者强制执行。使用“if-then”结构，有外部触发条件，过程自动化，且不可逆，不可篡改。

Soft Fork 软分叉

A soft fork is also an update to the system. However, it requires most miners upgrading in order to enforce, while a hard fork requires all nodes to agree on the new version. Since old nodes recognize the new blocks as valid, a soft fork is essentially backward-compatible.

软分叉也是对系统的更新。但是，它需要的是大多数矿工升级才能执行，而硬分叉则要求所有节点都同意新版本。由于旧节点将新区块识别为有效，因此软分叉基本上是向后兼容的。

Solidity

Solidity is a programming language for developing smart contracts on Ethereum.

Solidity是一种用于在以太坊上开发智能合约的编程语言。

Testnet 测试网

A test blockchain that developers use to prevent expending assets on the main chain.

开发人员用以测试，避免在主链上的资金消耗。

Transaction Fee 手续费

Cryptocurrency transactions incur a small transaction fee. These fees add up to account for the block reward that a miner receives when he or she successfully processes a block.

加密货币交易支付给矿工的少量交易费用。

以上字典条目仅对比特币成立，但大部分也适用于其他区块链。接下来是对EOS系统账户名称及用途的介绍。

EOS系统账户专区

eosio.msig

多重签名管理的账户。

eosio.names

靓号账户拍卖管理的账户。

eosio.ram

RAM内存交易管理的账户。

eosio.ramfee

RAM内存交易收取手续费的账户。

eosio.saving

增发的EOS临时存放在系统账户中，每年增发总量 5%，其中80%放在此账户，另外 20%再分成25%和75%，分别给eosio.bpay和eosio.vpay。

eosio.stake

管理EOS抵押的账户。

eosio.token

发行和管理代币的账户。

eosio.vpay

按照获得投票多少比例获取奖励的临时代管账户，增发EOS部分*20%后的75%会先转到这个账户。

eosio.bpay

增发EOS部分*20%后的25%会先转到这个账户。

Cochain跨链科技以技术作为团队的核心力量，团队技术人员致力于研究最前沿的区块链技术，包括不仅限于跨链协议、DAPP扩展、区块链性能扩展等。

团队将最益于EOS生态繁荣的前沿技术，融入EOS Cochain的打造中，服务于区块链行业，服务于区块链用户。