The Modern Times Philosophy - Descartes, Locke, Hobbes

in #culture6 years ago (edited)

The new in this time is that man has made his world through science. People have seen the world ordered according to objective laws. The man of Modern Times realized his place: philosophy passed through science and found the objectivity of knowledge. This objectivity guaranteed two things: independence, sovereignty and success, the prosperity of the subject of this knowledge. The ideas of sovereignty and progress dominate the great philosophical systems of Modern Times. The call of the epoch was to study nature, to study things, rather than words. The acquaintance is free, independent, independent, and sovereign. In New Age, man deliberately used himself as a tool for producing knowledge. It turned out, however, that the precise set-up of such a delicate system as the human organism is an extremely complex problem. A controversy arose between empiricists and sensuals, on the one hand, and rationalists, on the other: who knows the senses or our minds to trust in the process of knowledge? Despite Kant's grandiose attempt to reconcile the heated participants in the discussion (Hobbs and Descartes, Leibniz and Locke), the question remained open for new positions. In the same state, the problem of human nature and the activity of man has been preserved over the entire epoch. How they agree - through the mediation of reason - the natural and moral in man. What determines the appropriateness of behavior: affects, values, interests, circumstances, causes, imperatives. The sovereign reality, which breaks through the fundamental questions of knowledge and action, is the self-conscious man.

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The philosophical idea of the civilian treaty emerged in the years when society was redeeming in the face of established bourgeois relations. The philosophers perceived in the fabric of social relations and categorically different forms of communication among people. In his natural state, Thomas Hobbs notes, that man is a wolf for man, the war against everyone has penetrated into every social interaction, and society is on the verge of self-destruction. The civil state of man guarantees social peace, the cost of which is the willingness of people to agree in the name of survival, health and happiness. In order to achieve the civic state of society, everybody's consent is required to alienate some of his rights, so that the state is ruled in the face of the Sovereign. The social ideal, illuminated by peace and progress, consists, according to John Locke , in the equivalence of the starting possibilities and claims of the people, in the fact that everybody's success depends on himself, the initiative, the experience and the tireless efforts to -good life. It is a fair state that provides citizens with equal opportunities and claims, not against the sovereignty of the sovereign, but against the people.

In the New Age, atheism became open, a public, normal manifestation of God's denial, and the church finally lost control of knowledge, science was developing unhindered. Nature's explanation preferred to rely on mathematical and physical categories. The order of the world according to the laws created the idea that everything is connected in the system of nature itself, just as in a machine. The mechanistic attitude to perceiving, explaining, understanding and experiencing universal problems - mechanistic theorizing, not compassionate and human. Descartes and Hobbes imagined the human organism in the form of a machine, and described it in detail: with springs, tubes, valves, wheels ...

Indeed, the revolution in Rene Descartes philosophy consists in the fact that man's mind is a natural thing. He creates materialistic physics and the idealistic psychology (the doctrine of the thinking substance), and God is a linking unit, introducing a movement in nature and securing its laws. He is one of the founders of classical mechanics, builds the image of nature as a a giant mechanical system driven by the first engine (God). Empiric Hobbes, for the first time, poses the problem of natural law, the laws that people create and observe. At the same time it represents human nature as an egoistic cooperative. His main views are expressed in Leviathan and For the Body. And Locke first describes human rights in State Theory. Against the argumentation of rationality that true knowledge is on innate ideas, Locke opposes his empiricism and sensualism and adds that "experience is concretized by sensory data." There are no congenital ideas in him, all knowledge is born in experience; at birth, the mind is "tabula rasa"; there is nothing in the intellect that was previously not in the senses.

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Nice post. Another day of educating myself about philosophy.😊

You are welcome :)

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