METHOD OF CONTROLLING THE PARATRIOZA OR PULGON SPREADING THE POPE AND THE TOMATO

Hello friend of the farms is this opportunity I am going to talk about how we can control one of the plagues very often to the hostaliza and have become a problem for tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants and tobacco. Potato parathioza was considered a secondary pest until it was determined responsible for severe crop damage, which can be classified as direct and indirect, the latter being the most worrisome and difficult to manage. The presence of this pest extends to several regions, its effects must be analyzed to determine the economic threshold. This is the case of the jumping aphid or paratrioza.

LIFE CYCLE OF THE PULGON PAPA JUMP / TOMATO

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The paratrioza or jumping aphid is one of the most feared pests in the production of potatoes and tomatoes, among other vegetables.
This sucking insect, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc.), Feeds on the sap of the plants and its toxin (transmitted by nymphs) can cause the plants to turn yellow and weak, reducing the yield and quality of the fruits; In addition, the phytoplasma of paratrioza in nymph or adult phase is the cause of the disease known as "permanent" tomato (or pepper).

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In adulthood, this adult measures 1.6 mm and is able to jump easily to other plants. In a period of 15 days, the female is able to deposit 500 yellowish-orange oval eggs in the leaves of the plant, mainly in the apical sections and in the new shoots.
The paratrioza has a form similar to that of an aphid; in its adult phase it has an amber color that passes to dark or black coffee, with transparent wings. Its optimal biological cycle is given with 336 Units Heat (UC) at 23 ° C. The minimum development temperature is at 7 ° C.

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SYMPTOM
The main direct damage, caused by feeding the paratrioza nymphs, is known as yellowing of the psyllid, which results in delayed growth, low vigor in the new leaves, chlorosis / redness or purple coloration in the basal part of the leaf. leaves, internodes and fruits of poor quality.
Another damage that causes this plague is by the excrements that are produced by their food as they resemble salt and come to aesthetically damage the fruit if it falls on it. Both problems are "solved" by eliminating the crop pest.
The most damaging damages are the indirect ones because they are very varied and cause problems for which there is no "solution" or "cure". The psyllids transmit the disease of the purple tip of the potato and the perm of the tomato, both being very harmful for the affected crops. The pest has great capacity for adaptation, whose damage can be direct (yellowing or rickets produced by injection of toxins by the nymphs), or indirect (transmitter effect of phytoplasmas).

[SOURCE](https://www.google.co.za/search?q=PERNO+PERMANENTE.+ del+pulgon+saltador+al+tomate+o+papa&so)

PERMANENT DAMAGE.
The infested plants show chlorosis of buds and curling of lower leaves, which acquire brittle texture and intense and bright green color, the phytoplasma causes flower abortion and stunting of the plant, with fungosis of the root, caused by the weakening of the plant and greater susceptibility to attack by other pathogens. Likewise, they have managed to determine the relationship between temperature and development of the phytoplasma, with damage of 30 to 95% of infected plants.

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PUNTA MORADA.
It is transmitted vegetatively (by the seed) and by means of vectors (paratrioza or leafhoppers). Symptoms usually appear 75 to 80 days after sowing, and consist of rickets of plants, with leaves stiff and bent towards the bundle, and bulging of axillary buds on stems. It presents premature abortion of the flowering and purple coloration in the tip of the apical leaves, with yellowing of the rest of the foliage. It has also been observed, internode shortening, yield reduction, vascular necrosis and spotting of the tuber.

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INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT
It is recommended to establish a strategy that includes legal control: ordering the sowing date, rotation or suppression of crops and waste management; use of certified potato seed, and verification of tomato transplants to avoid using contaminated plants or grafts.
You can also take measures of agronomic control, such as rotation of crops and leaf pruning, when the presence of the pest is predicted.
Another important aspect is the biological control, with beneficial insects in surrounding areas in warm conditions, and applications of entomopathogenic fungi under conditions of high humidity.

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ECONOMIC THRESHOLD
If detected in a field, the first step is to know its proportion in the crop; that is, to know how many insects are present and in what biological state they are. Monitoring is the key to applying an effective management tactic.
Part of the monitoring involves a sampling of leaflets, which are done twice a week on the banks and center of the crop, analyzing thoroughly, with the help of magnifying glasses, the middle to low part of the leaves of the plant.
In order to know the incidence of adult insects, an entomological network sampling (yellow traps) is carried out, with two sessions per week analyzing the edges and center of the table.

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It is recommended to establish a rigorous monitoring with orange or yellow traps, as well as water traps, sampling of leaves and leaflets, and the use of entomological networks to detect the presence of the pest.
If it has not been possible to prevent the infestation, implement a program of foliar applications with insecticides of different forms of action.
Among the ingredients for the control of paratrioza are the neonicotenoids (Imidacloprid), with the advantage of prolonged protection, chloronicotilinos (Thiacloprid) with systemic activity and to transfer, or a combination of pyrethroids and neonicotenoids, that work with low doses and are effective righ now.

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CHEMICAL CONTROL can be used products whose active ingredient is Spiromesifen, which acts by contact on insects and mites, with greater safety for beneficial insects and providing a very useful tool in resistance management.
Source:
http://www.seminis.mx/blog-que-es-la-paratrioza-pulgon-saltador/
https://www.hortalizas.com/proteccion-de-cultivos/control-de-paratrioza-pulgon-saltador-o-psilido-de-la-papa-y-el-tomate/
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