Philosophy in the system of scientific knowledge /last part/

Every science has its limitations on which don't go beyond certain areas and aspects of Being. For example, chemistry deals with the different elements, their molecular structure, compounds, mixtures, etc., but it does not define what is the substance. Physics also handles different types of movements, but it does not answer the question of what movement is. In the system of scientific knowledge, the higher degrees of summary of basic concepts and laws of the special sciences are subject to analysis and reflection by philosophy. It is precisely an attempt to unite the results of research in all fields of human knowledge, and seeks to create a universal synthesis of the universal laws of Being and Thinking.

image source

In fulfilling this function, philosophical thinking too often targets objects that are unattainable to empirical knowledge (ie knowledge based on sensory experience). The philosophy-on the basis of the systematized set of private sciences-reveals the invariant, sustainable, and common in all reality. Therefore, the concepts, categories, principles and laws of philosophy are universal, and its methods are universal. The world as a whole - this is not just the subject viewed in abstraction from the object, and the object is not seen in abstraction by the subject. The world is the unity of the subject and the object. Therefore, as a general point of all philosophical disciplines, one can think that each one has in mind the relationship and the interaction between the two cognitive components - subject and object - the unity of which compose the world as a whole. Private sciences, unlike philosophy, study the attitude that exists between objects in the world. They regard man not as a subject but as an object among other objects.

Wilhelm Wound maintains that philosophy seeks to synthesize unitary knowledge in order to build a complete picture of the world and life that meets the demands of the mind and the needs of the heart. It is necessary to note the following moment, too specific to philosophical thinking: in the philosophical summary - in contrast to / especially, the private / scientific-very essential role plays the starting point and the original position of the thinker researcher, ie. the fundamental principles and methods of research (whether they are based on philosophical idealism or materialism on the metaphysical or dialectical method). The same natural-scientific theory may serve as a basis for various philosophical summaries and conclusions depending on how its data are interpreted: from a materialist, idealist, rationalist or empirical point of view. For example, A. Einstein's theory of relativity or, for example, the cosmogonic hypothesis of the so-called "first atom" is interpreted differently in existing philosophical systems.

Conclusion:
Philosophy is a universal theoretical science of the development of the Spirit and of the material universe as a whole, and the relationship (relationship) between philosophical and special private scientific knowledge has the character of the relationship between the general and the single, the greater degree of abstraction / to the lesser degree - ie. to the private sciences.

part 1