Psychological paradigms in the 20th century. Forecasts for the development of psychology. /part 11/

For Freud and psychoanalysis, sexual instinct is total living energy, the instinct of life that does not appear in the period of sexual maturation, and then only acquires its brightest form associated with the sequel of the species. This idea suggests why Freud distinguishes three phases in the development of sexuality - oral, anal and genital. The oral phase is associated with the first year after the child's birth, when the erogenous zone is the mouth, and the pleasure comes from sucking.

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Then develops the anal phase in which the erogenous zone is the anus and the pleasure in the secretory processes. In the period of sexual maturity occurs the genital phase in which one directs to the opposite sex, which initially manifests itself as curiosity and then as a sexual life. Difficulties in satisfying sexual life are the cause of disturbing the mental life of a person and hampering his or her activity and personality development. One of the most significant achievements of psychoanalysis is the idea of ​​the inner organization of man, which has served as the basis for most of the contemporary theories of personality. According to Freud, the psychic sphere has three elements called It, Self and Super-ego.

The main phenomena and concepts studied in psychoanalysis are - ejection, transfer, personification, projection and substitution activities. Freud's followers are Jung, who is opposed to the idea of ​​sexual aspirations as determining the personal development of man. Accepts the idea of ​​the unconscious, but includes in this sphere the experience of mankind in the early stage of his existence. From Jung is also the typological classification of people introverts and extroverts. Another Freud's follower is Adler, who creates the individual psychology in which basic concepts are a lifestyle, a sense of community, an inferiority complex. Characteristic features of psychoanalysis: 1 / Forms certain assertions related to the structure of the personality - It, I, Overself, with motivation, with the external and internal regulation of the personality;

2 / deals with the issue of evolutionary psychology about the stages of pleasure experience; 3 / deals with interpersonal relationships and conflicts; 4 / relates to psycho-diagnostics - a method of free associations, interpretation of dreams. In a more modern version, psychoanalysis is presented by Bern and his transactional analysis of the relationships between the three constituent elements of the personality: parent, adult, child - super-ego, ego, It.