Photo taken: 06/06/2018 11:13H Smart Communications Inc. Regional Office, Mabolo, Cebu City, Philippines.

The company immersion is composed of discussion of the concepts of the technology and the actual hands-on experience after knowing the specific material being used. It is very significant to know exactly where the communication started so that we can connect the dot, or how it evolves from generation to generations.

The Evolution of the Communications Technology:

FIRST GENERATION (1G)

Source:pixabay.com

It also is known as the ANALOG technology which focuses onVoice only. This is commonly found in the household as WIRED TELECOMMUNICATIONS. It is a wide range of coverage in communication.

FEATURES OF 1G:

• Basic mobility
• Basic services
• Incompatibility

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SECOND GENERATION (2G)

It is also known as Global System for Mobile (GSM) for communications. It is also considered as the breakthrough of communications and it has become the cornerstone of the specification of the 3G and LTE. GSM is more secure compared to analog.

Source: pixabay.com

FEATURES OF 2G:

• Advance mobility (Roaming)
• Mobile services (DATA)
• towards Global Solution

2G SERVICES

• Digital transmission
• Digital Speech
• Messaging Services
• Fixed Wireless loop

TECHNOLOGY

• Digital Cellular
• Technology and Internation Network
• Emergence, Micro/Pico
• Cellular Capacity
• Circuit Switch
• Enhance Cardless Telegegraphy

Market Requirement will grow

• SMS - Text
• Picture Messaging - Text and Graphics
• Multimedia Message Service - Digital image input
• Mobile Multimedia - New content types

ADVANTAGES

• GSM uses radio frequency efficiently and due to digital radio path, the system tolerates more inter-cell disturbances.
• The average speech quality achieved is better than the existing analog system.
• Data transmission is supported throughout the system.
• Speech is encrypted and subscriber information security is guaranteed.
• Due to the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) compatibility new services are offered compared to analog.
• International Roaming is technically possible with all countries concerned.
• The large market toughen the competition and lowers the prices for both investment and usage.

Network switching subsystem (NSS) Subsystem Functions

• Call control
• Charging
• Mobility management
• Signalling with other network and other Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• Subscriber data handling

BSS Functions:

• Radio Path Control - frequency to be used.
• Basic Transceiver Station (BTS) and Transcoder (TC) control - Operation and Maintenance (O & M) functions .
• Synchronization - Master and Slave Hierarchy.
• Air and A Interface Signalling.
• Connection establishment between Nature Switch (NS) and Network Switching Subsystem (NSS).
• Mobility Management and Speech Transcoding.
• Collection of Statistical Data.

Network Management System (NMS) Subsystem Functions - overseeing the whole network in GSM.

• Fault Management
• Configuration Management
• Performance Management

HANDOVER

• changing the traffic channel that the Mobile Station (MS) is using.
• occurs during the subscriber is making a call.

In GSM, MS helps the network in doing handover by sending measurement reports to its Base Station Controller (BSC) and users the hard handover principle which is "release and connect."

TYPES OF HANDOVER

• Intra Cell - Intra BSC Handover
• Inter Cell - Intra BSC Handover
• Inter Cell - Inter BSC Handover
• Inter Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Handover

CHARGING IN GSM

• Installation.
• Renting of the service (if any).
• Use of the Network

FACTORS IN CHARGING GSM

• Basic service
• Duration of the call
• Time of the call
• Destination of the call
• Origin of the call
• Use of Networks
• Types of the supplementary services
• Use of radio resource
• Roaming leg

SECURITY in GSM

• Authentication
• Ciphering
• International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) checking
• User confidentiality

In checking the IMEI is the validity of a mobile phone may be checked to ensure its proper operation as well as presentation against the stolen phone.

Note: In GSM, the higher the frequency , Radio Frequency(RF) signal is prone to attentuation.

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Source: pixabay.com

THIRD GENERATION (3G)

It is a scrambling code planning in which the characteristics of its cell are common and dedicated.

FEATURES OF 3G:

• Seamless roaming
• Global solution
• International Mobile Telephone

TWO MODES in 3G:

• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) - one frequency
• Time Division Duplex (TDD) - the same frequency

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) AIR INTERFACE:

• Channel Types
• Basic Structures
• Modulation
• Rake Reciever

BENEFITS OF USING RAKE RECEIVERS

• The transmission output can be low in comparison to GSM.
• A User Equipment (UE) can be connected to several cells nodeB simultaneously.

Comparison from 1G - 3G

-	1G	2G	3G
Carrier (Bandwidth)	25KHz	200KHz	5MHz
Access Method	FDMA	FDMA/TDMA	WCDMA
DATA/PACKET SWITCH	None	EDGE/GPRS 177Kbps	REAL HSPA 2 Mbps

Abbreviations:
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
GPRS - General Packet Radio Service
HSPA - High-Speed Packet Access

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LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

MOBILE EVOLUTION

• Services
• Technology
• User Expectation
• Operator Strategy

There is a need for network evolution because of high efficient radio technology, simplified protocol stack and all Internet Protocol (IP), and flexibility and scalability in deployment.

KEY International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) FEATURES

• A high degree of common functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide ranged service application in a cost-efficient manner.
• Compatibility of service within IMT and fixed network.
• Capability of networking with other radio access system.
• High-quality mobile services.
• User requirements sustainable for worldwide use.
• User -friendly application service and efficiency.
• Worldwide roaming
• Enhance package data rates to support advanced services and applications.

The Formula in LTE is User Experience (UE) = LTE SIM + Mobile Equipment (ME)

LTE AIR INTERFACE PRINCIPLES:

• Frequency
• Power
• Time

Each user allocated a different resource which can vary in time and frequency. It is also Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) which means the bandwidth is dynamic.

The best features in GSM (2G) and 3G is being combined to have a powerful LTE protocol for fast, efficient, and effective technology.

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