Neurotransmitters Octopamine and Tyramine, Basics.

Tyramine & octopamine are amine neurotransmitters found in invertebrates which serve analogous functions to the adrenergic neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine in vertebrates.

Tyramine.

Tyramine is formed by the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine, and is a precursor to octopamine.

Tyrosine decarboxylation.

Octopamine is known to function as an instigator of certain behavioral and stress responses, as well as in the regulation of certain sensory systems.

Tyramine, though its function is lesser known. may play a role in muscle contraction and olfaction. These two neurotransmitters have also been found in vertebrates, though at concentrations 100 times lower than found in invertebrates. Though originally thought to be mere metabolic byproducts, the discovery of octopamine and tyramine receptors in mammals point to possible functional roles for these chemicals.

Fruit fly (drosophilia) octopamine receptor.

Also known as adrenalin, epinephrin acts in fight-or-flight responses by increasing blood flow,dilating pupils and raising blood sugar by binding to alpha and beta receptors.It is a produced by both the adrenal glands and some neurons.

As a neurotransmitter, norepinephrin promotes attention and alertness, aids in memory formation and retrieval as well as increasing restlessness and anxiety. As a hormone, it plays a similar role to adrenaline, increasing heart rate and blood pressure. It simultaneously increases blood flow to skeletal muscle while reducing flow to the gastrointestinal system.

Additionally, it makes more energy available by triggering glucose release and inhibits the need to eliminate waste. Both neurotransmitters act by binding to beta adrenergic receptors throughout the body.

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