Summary and Concluding notes

The crescent moon? No actually crescent Venus currently moving into inferior conjunction with the sun, taken by the author on October 1 using many of the techniques discussed in the Basic Astrophotography series. The planet is covered in thick clouds of Sulphuric Acid which obscures the surface in visible light. To the eye the Sulphuric acid cloud tops are opaque and appear like a smooth continuous white blanket. Image Credit: Author

Finally, we reach the end of the Basic Astrophotography series, which I admit touched on more advanced topics. I hope this helped not only refine their photography techniques but perhaps inspired some people to go out and have a look at the stars and planets. Perhaps you may be inspired to a pro-am (professional-amateur) collaboration project.

To finish off this series here is a quick summary of previous articles complete with links. Let's start with the Smartphone series I did.

Astronomical Imaging: Using just a Smartphone

Using an app like Smartcap Pro (IOS)or Camera FV-5 (Android) you can make surprisingly good images of the night sky. Bright objects like the moon or planets are easy targets, provided you have a suitable method of mounting the camera to a telescope. The camera without a telescope is capable of taking good photo’s of constellations and even the milky way.

The center of the Orion Nebula M42 showing a group of very young stars (less than a million years old) called the trapezium capture with an iPhone6s plus an 8” telescope. Credit: Author

Here are the summary and links for the 2 part series of Smartphone astrophotography.

	Title	Topics
	Astronomical Imaging using Just a Smartphone (Part 1)	Introducing long exposure phone apps, accessories
	Astronomical Imaging using Just a Smartphone (Part 2)	How to image through a telescope with a smartphone

Parts 1 and 2 - Astronomical Imaging - The Basics

This aurora was captured with a normal digital camera with it’s kit lens. Image Credit: Author

To kick off things, in parts 1 and 2 of the astrophotography series I cover equipment selection including cameras, lenses, mounts, and other accessories. In part 1 we even look at taking a photo using a normal digital camera mounted on a tripod (it could even be a chair if no tripod is available). Here are the links and summaries of parts 1 and 2.

	Title	Topics
	Astronomical Imaging - The Basics – 1	Selecting and using a camera. Taking your first astrophoto
	Astronomical Imaging - The Basics – 2	Camera accessories and Telescopes

Parts 3 and 4 - Some Essential Techniques

The two hurdles that often confound people starting in astrophotography are polar alignment and focus. With poor polar alignment time exposures can show marked trailing and blurring, and even if doing short exposures for the moon and planets there may be a need to reposition the telescope continually. Focusing a camera at night can be quite troublesome for many as camera autofocus usually fails.

We cover the topics of polar alignment and focusing in parts 3 and 4.

	Title	Topics
	Astronomical Imaging - The Basics – 3	Polar Alignment
	Astronomical Imaging - The Basics – 4	Focus. Theory and techniques

Parts 5 to 7 - Prime Focus Astrophotography

Starting at part 5, we describe prime focus imaging which is the primary way in which a telescope is configured in astrophotography. This method is just using a telescope in place of a camera lens.

Prime focus astrophotography has evolved a lot over the past few decades thanks to camera and computer technology. These images of Saturn comparing a backyard amateur image and those taken by an early space mission demonstrate this. Pioneer images are credit: NASA/JPL, other image credit: Author

The topics cover a range from computing field of view (will the target fit in the picture) and image scale (will I have enough resolution). The use of focal reducers and extenders to modify the field of view and image scale.

Here are the links and summaries for parts 5,6 and 7.

	Title	Topics
	Prime Focus Astrophotography	Prime focus astrophotography, intro and theory
	Prime Focus – Imaging Planets	Prime focus imaging of planets
	Prime Focus – Imaging Planets	Prime focus imaging of Deep Sky Objects

Parts 8 to 11 - Image Processing Techniques

Once images are acquired, it is then necessary to turn this image data into something useful, either for scientific use or nice image. This step is the image processing step and using starts with calibrating the images to remove defects such as hot pixels, dust motes and even manufacturing errors in the sensor. Following calibration, it is quite common to register and stack images to improve the signal to noise, followed by filtering and then stretching. Some available techniques for image processing are discussed in parts 8 to 11.

This image of the Horsehead nebula consisted of combining 180 exposures of 30 seconds each. The Horsehead nebula is a cloud of dust that obstructs the nebula emission behind it. The generally reddish color of the background nebula is due to emission from Hydrogen. Image Credit: Author

Here are the links and summaries of parts 8,9,10 and 11.

	Title	Topics
	Guide To Basic Astrophotography 8 – Image Processing	An introduction on how to process images, including the calibration phase
	Guide To Basic Astrophotography 9 – Image Processing - Stacking	The benefits of stacking images
	Guide To Basic Astrophotography 10 - Image Processing - Filters	The use of image processing filters is a powerful method of enhancing detail in images
	Guide To Basic Astrophotography 11 - Image Processing - Visualisation	Image stretching and visualisation

Part 12 - Software for processing Planetary (and Moon) images

In the final part for this series, I look at three free software packages (PIPP, Autostakkert, and Registax) that are invaluable for processing images of the planets and the moon. Here is an example of an image processed with those applications using images I acquired from my home in Brisbane, Australia.

Mars as captured on October 3, 2018. Images were processed in PIPP, Autostakkert and Registax. Some further adjustment was done in GIMP. Image Credit: Author

Here is the link and summary for the final part 12.

	Title	Topics
	Guide To Basic Astrophotography 12– Image Processing Software	Image processing software - PIPP, Autostakkert and Registax

Some future topics

This article is the final topic for this series, but there are many more topics that could be discussed. One topic I skipped was software for registering and stacking "deep sky images." One of the reason's for this is that the excellent software capable of doing this is not free (Maxim DL and Pixinsight) and somebody starting in astrophotography is unlikely to commit that much cash until they get more experienced in the hobby. Regarding Pixinsight, I'd like to point out that @astrophoto.kevin has posted some excellent tutorials on his blog .

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