On Business Republic

Abstract: The machine trust, value transfer and smart contract introduced by Blockchain have made a brand-new business collaboration organizational form possible. A growing number of start-ups in the digital economy are building their organizations in the form of a community instead of a corporation. However, most communities at present have a structural defect in their governance. As a result, there is no protection for average token-holders’ interests and saying. This is detrimental to the stability and development of communities. A community built up by drawing lessons from the Roman Republic has superiority and competitive advantage over other business organizations; such a community can be called a Business Republic. A Business Republic is the inevitable result of the progressive development of technology, business wisdom and economic ecosystem. It is a multi-central, network-based new business collaboration organization with sound business logic, high operational effectiveness, effective incentive system, and great governance.

In the dynamic business history, many great business empires have been founded and run by genius business leaders. Cheung Kong by Sir Ka-Shing Li, Apple by Steve Jobs, Tencent by Pony Ma, and Amazon by Jeff Bezos, all these names are well recognized and respected. The leaders achieved their business goals by effectively leveraging the forces of talents, technology, market, and financial capital.
Now, our society has entered into a new era, in which a brand-new type of business organization will emerge, grow exponentially and eventually become trillion-dollar economies. The brand-new business organizations are Business republics!
Business republics are distinctively different from preceding business empires. Business empires are centralized, pyramid-structured, based on equity structure, and seek maximizing shareholders’ interest. Unlike them, business republics are multi-centered, network structured, based on community structure, and seek to maximize the interest of all members of the economic ecosystem. The rise of business empires relied heavily on the founders and founding team. However, a business republic, instead of relying on the founder, may rely on the consensus and contribution from elites and community members. Bitcoin community can be regarded as a prototype of a business republic. Bitcoin and its community remaining vigorous and fast-growing after Nakamoto Satoshi’s leave proved the viability of business republic model.
Business republic is the inevitable result of the progressive development of technology, business wisdom and economic ecosystem.
Let's start with the technology domain. ABCD (AI, Blockchain, Cloud and Data) have provided the infrastructure for the digital economy, empowering new economy and accelerating iterations of industries. In particular, the machine trust, value transfer and smart contract introduced by Blockchain have made a brand-new collaboration model possible. A growing number of start-ups in the digital economy are building their organizations in the form of a community instead of a corporation. The classic economy is transitioning to the digital economy, and business republics are emerging, growing and thriving in this new environment.
Looking from the business wisdom angle, two great companies have well explained the essence of business. 7-11 and Amazon, both revealed that the essence of business is to satisfy customers' needs continuously. Both companies focus on customers, not products, nor competitors. Jeff Bezos emphasized that the three major principals of Amazon are customer obsession, innovation, and long-term thinking. Zooming in, we can easily find that innovation is to satisfy customer needs in innovative ways, and long-term thinking is all about satisfying customers continuously and consistently through long-term projects. Since the essence of business is to satisfy customers' needs continuously, the golden question would be: what are the unsatisfied customer needs in a digital economy era? There are at least two needs: first, customers have the need to be equity-holders in the economic ecosystem and enjoy dividend of growth; second, customers also have the need to participate in the building of the economic ecosystem and be rewarded accordingly. In classic economy, the first need might be satisfied by buying and holding company stocks, although customers must have investment acumen; but there is no solution for the second need. In the digital economy, both needs can be satisfied with ease by leveraging a sound token economic system. In other words, a customer will be able to obtain some equity-type tokens as long as his or her action of purchase triggers a certain smart contract. Thus, the customer holds equity in the economic ecosystem, becoming a citizen of the business republic, and will be able to be rewarded with various tokens by contributing to the business republic. Contrast to today's business empires, business republics can better satisfy customers' needs: customers are not only customers but also equity holders and builders of economic ecosystems. They share a sense of belonging and ownership and have their voices. It is evident that the structure of business republic is more suitable in satisfying customers’ need. It’s also an inevitable trend driven by the development of business wisdom.
In the past decades, the Internet has re-structured human life and economy, creating a brand-new economic ecosystem. The most efficient way of collaboration in the industrial age is to concentrate as many resources as possible in a limited space, like Ford's early headquarter by Rouge River. Metropolitans like New York City, Shanghai, Hongkong, and Tokyo are also products of the industrial age. In the Internet age, the most efficient way of collaboration no longer requires all resources to concentrate in a particular physical location, but to gather on the network. Work can be done, and collaboration can be achieved wherever there is Internet access. New Internet-based collaboration methods like Opensource, Witkey, Crowdsourcing, Crowdfunding, and Maker are becoming more and more vigorous. Xiaomi’s Mi Phone’s initial design was driven by the 180 million posts written by 600,000 "Mi fans." These fans are not only Mi Phone's consumers but also designers and market promoters. Individuals in the Internet age have been super-empowered; the concepts of producer and consumer are merging; more and more prosumers are emerging. The Internet itself and the new economic ecosystem based on Internet have prepared warm-land, as well as leaders, elites, and citizens for emerging of the business republic!
Meanwhile, Blockchain technology is breezing on the seed of business republic, and facilitating the transition from Information Internet to Value Internet. On Value Internet, the value is carried by tokens, which are encrypted and marketable digital equity certificates. In a sound token economy, the more an individual contributes, the more tokens he or she receives; the more effective the community collaboration works, the greater the value of the token appreciates. Digital currencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, are part of a great social experiment. This great social experiment has laid the foundation for the seeding stage of the business republic.
At this point in history, technology, business wisdom, economic ecosystem, and human ideology are all prepared for moving forward to the next stage. Business republics are like the rising sun just below the horizon, imminent and shining. The business republics will be rising and eventually prominent regardless if people opt to cheer for it and participate in or ignore its existence. The personal decision has no impact on the rise of business republics, but it will for sure impact the wealth and destiny of the individual and his family in the next fifty years.
How does a business republic look like?
It is a multi-central, network-based new business collaboration organization with sound business logic, high effectiveness, effective incentive system, and great governance.
Sound business logic is all about sticking to the essence of business which is continuously satisfying customers’ needs. Above all, a business republic can start from almost any industry, but it must start from a specific one. In other words, there must be valid user cases, satisfying real customer needs and creating value. Bumping-and-Dumping based on a concept, or building imaginary worlds is not going to work. Air token, pyramid selling token, and other Ponzi schemes do not satisfy any customer needs or create any value. What they do is just wasting recourses of the society. As a matter of fact, in digital era the customer needs in any industry can be satisfied in more effective ways; and the need of participating in the building of the economic ecosystem and getting rewarded can be best satisfied by the organization structure of business republics. By creatively addressing customer needs, a business republic will be able to acquire customers and convert them into equity-holders, citizens of the business republic. In other words, customers can be converted to designers, producers, and promoters of the products and services, gaining momentum to scale up and make profits. The scalability and profitability will drive the business republic from seed to grow, develop, and thrive. Any business organization that doesn't have revenue generation capability and merely relies on external support is doomed. You may see a loss or modest profit on Amazon's financial reports. The fact is Amazon is profitable and always invest its profits into long-term projects, to drive the company’s growth. Business republics are expected to participate in the real-world economy, satisfying real customer needs and generating revenue and profits as quickly as possible, to ensure its survival in the most fragile initial stage and mitigate the risks along the way of growth. All in all, business republics must have sound business logic, sticking to the essence of business, satisfying real customer needs and creating value.
The business world is like a battlefield; everyone is fighting for customers. In most cases, the winners are the ones with higher operational effectiveness than competitors. To run business republics with high operational effectiveness, we must break a myth about Blockchain. Many think that we need to migrate as many applications as possible to Blockchain, to make it a "real Blockchain project." However, wait a minute, why do we must make it a “real Blockchain project”? Shouldn’t we set addressing customer needs as our ultimate goal? To satisfy customer needs more effectively, the business model should be designed around operational effectiveness and customer experience, instead of any specific technology. Therefore, there is no need to confine ourselves in a limited space called “real Blockchain project." Blockchain is one of the essential cornerstones of a business republic. However, a business republic is built above the foundation made up of Blockchain and other cornerstones, not within Blockchain. It is always worth the effort to deep dive into the Blockchain. Continuous technical and functional improvement is one important aspect. Another aspect which is more important is about the vision that enables us to correctly position Blockchain in the whole picture and leverage its revolutionary capabilities. Without vision, Blockchain can be a big confusing trap. Some Blockchain projects are self-labeled as 100% pure Blockchain, and the label is confining the project. A fast-growing business republic, while prioritizing operational effectiveness and customer experience, will objectively evaluate which parts of the business model are more suitable for Blockchain, and which parts for the classic Internet. Based on today’s Blockchain technology, the most applicable scenarios for Blockchain are token confirmation, launch, distribution, payment, and trading. Classic internet is more suitable to handle high concurrent transactions of products and services. Token, is the carrier of value in the economic ecosystem of a business republic. Blockchain’s advantages such as machine trust, passage of value and smart contract will be optimally leveraged by processing tokens. The citizens of a business republic shall have the conviction that tokens will not be tampered by centralized organizations, nor depreciated due to irresponsible issuing. This conviction can significantly lower the cost of trust, facilitate collaborations within the economic ecosystem, and eventually improve operational effectiveness. In a sense, this conviction is the greatest value of Blockchain. It is wise and effective to let classic internet handle trades of product and service today, given the fact that Blockchain is still not able to process high concurrent transactions at the speed of millions per second. Before major technical break-through of Blockchain, classic internet will continue processing the flows of data, information, and capital which are already on it. Blockchain is applied when it is related to token confirmation, launch, distribution, payment, and trading. In other words, a token economy based on Blockchain technology bundled with “classic internet plus” business model would be the most reasonable and effective model now. In this new model, not only the throughput and processing power of the classic Internet but also the advantages of machine trust, value transfer and smart contract in Blockchain will be leveraged. The operational effectiveness of the business republic will be much higher than that of traditional business empires, or any business organization that has appeared in human history.
Why a Blockchain-based token economy bundled with the "classical Internet plus" business model will greatly improve operational effectiveness? The answer is the incentive mechanism! At present, almost all “classic Internet plus” companies adopt the shareholding system, in which shareholders take risks and enjoy the return of companies’ growth; customers, if they do not buy stocks, only purchase products or services (or contribute traffic), cannot enjoy the return from the growth of companies. Therefore, customers cannot be effectively motivated, and it is very hard to maintain customer loyalty. When a business republic has a well-designed token economy, tokens can be used to motivate customers to take actions that are beneficial to the development of the economy. In other words, if a customer makes purchases, he or she can get tokens; if the customer reads or watches, he or she can also get tokens; if the customer reviews, refers new customers, gives feedback, he or she can also get tokens. Theoretically, there should be at least two kinds of tokens in a well-designed token economy: one is stable token, anchored and issued in strict accordance with 1:1 exchange rate with legal currency, which is equivalent to the currency of the classic economy; the other is an equity token, representing the equity of the economic ecosystem, equivalent to the equity of the classical economy. The equity token has the potential of long-term appreciation; however, like a stock, its price will fluctuate up and down, and equity token holders will expect it to appreciate or depreciate in the near term. Those who expect appreciation of the equity token are inclined to hold and unwilling to spend; those who are bearish are inclined to spend, and reluctant to accept it for payments. Therefore, the appreciation and depreciation expectations of equity token will increase the transaction friction cost, making it unsuitable for trading and payment. In this regard, stable token avoids the weakness of equity token. The stability of the value of stable token will reduce the transaction friction costs, making it suitable for trading and payment. A business republic shall design a token economy according to its situation, adopting different incentive policies at different stages of development. Generally speaking, in the founding stage, a business republic shall be more generous in using equity token as an incentive to rapidly increase the base of citizens of the business republic. However, as the business republic reaches a more mature and stable stage, stable token shall be used as a primary incentive to motivate customers and citizens; this is similar to cash or points reward systems widely adopted by classic internet business models. There are many successful cases run by well-known internet firms, which can be studied by founders of business republics and their teams. As a more advanced form of collaborative organization, a business republic shall further motivate customers through some mechanisms. For example, it will be regularly assessing the contribution of customers to the economic ecosystem. When the contribution reaches a certain quantitative threshold, the customer is allowed to use stable tokens they have obtained to purchase the corresponding number of equity tokens. In this way, the customer becomes a citizen of the business republic, equivalent to a shareholder under the corporate structure. However, there is a big difference between the two structures: under a standard corporate structure, the shareholders of listed companies mainly increase their equity holding by purchasing more shares, whereas the citizens of business republics increase their equity holding by contributing more to the republics. In other words, a business republic will continually motivate its citizens to make more contributions: the more a citizen contributes, the more stable tokens he or she receives, and the more subscription rights for equity token. In layman’s terms, you cannot buy as many equity tokens as you want even if you have an unlimited amount of money. You need to contribute to the economy of the republic to earn the corresponding rights of purchasing equity tokens. Under such a form of organization, customers of the business republic will be motivated to become citizens, and citizens will be very motivated to contribute to the business republic: some will lead, some will manage, some will teach, some will evangelize, some will research, some will put into practice, some will advise, some will win markets, some will explore new frontiers, some will do logistical support. . .The greater the contribution a citizen makes, the more tokens he or she receives; and the better the overall collaboration of the republic, the greater the value of the token. Therefore, a business republic is a more advanced form of business collaboration organization that more effectively motivates every member of the economy and achieves amazing effectiveness!
Although the incentive mechanism of a business republic can enable citizens to realize their potential and inspire everyone’s positive side as much as possible, at the same time, a business republic must always be alert to the dark side of human nature and establish a good governance structure. Emphasizing accountability and supervision mechanisms, punishing bad deeds, protecting the rights of individual citizens and the republic as a whole are vitally important. A good governance structure can be the most prominent symbol of a business republic and one of the most important reasons behind its rapid rise. Therefore, it will be discussed here in more details.
At present, almost all Blockchain communities have a structural defect in governance. As a result, there is no protection for average token-holders’ interests and saying. This is detrimental to the stability and development of communities. Most communities are jointly managed by project teams and foundations in order to achieve balance and supervision of power. However, it is difficult to achieve the balance of power between two parties, and the mechanism of supervision may also be corrupted. More importantly, the project team represents the interests of the founders and management team while the foundation represents the interests of the elite class; but the largest group in the community, the average token holders, do not have a voice or delegate that represents their interests. When many average token holders feel that their interests are not protected and their rights to speech are not respected, they will swap their tokens with legal currencies or other tokens, namely “voting with one’s feet”. In the bear market of cryptocurrency, such "voting with one’s feet" is happening massively every day.
Interestingly enough, this also happened in the Roman Republic more than 2,000 years ago. At that time, Rome had expelled the last tyrant, Tarquinius, transforming from the "Period of Rex in Rome" into the "Time of Roman Republic." However, the early Roman Republic adopted aristocratic political system: the nobility monopolized, and the common people had no political power, nor the right to participate in the distribution and use of state-owned land; unable to repay usury, many poor common people became debt slaves. The common people chose to leave Rome because they could not stand the oppression of the nobility. At that time, Rome and the surrounding areas were small city-states. It took less than a day to get to another state. This “voting with one’s feet” movement made the aristocrats very scared. If the common people are all gone, the nobility will have nobody to exploit; moreover, heavy infantry played by Roman citizens has already replaced cavalry as the main force of the Roman army. The loss of common people will seriously weaken the military force. Once the foreign enemies invade, the nobility cannot defend the state and will be plundered as slaves. Then the nobles went to chase the common people, and two parties sat down to negotiate. During the two hundred years between the 5th and the 3rd century BC, Roman common people had three massive exoduses. After repeated negotiations and compromises, Rome formed a new political system. Historian Polybius who authored "The Histories" called this new Roman political system a "mixed political system", and he believed that the Roman Republic rising rapidly from a city-state in a short time, turning the Mediterranean into its own inner lake, "mixed political system" was the most critical factor.
Rome's "mixed political system" is a political system that integrates democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy: the General Assembly and tribunes represent the interests of common people, the embodiment of democracy; the Senate represents the interests of the nobility, the embodiment of the aristocracy; praetors (or dictators of special periods) represent the interests of the bureaucrats and civil servants, the embodiment of the monarchy. The General Assembly (and tribunes), the Senate and praetors represent the interests of their groups, yet at the same time pursue to maximize the overall interests of the Roman Republic by check and balance as well as coordination. This is why the Roman regime was superior and advanced. At that time, other countries in the Mediterranean area often adopted one of the three political systems, namely democracy, aristocracy or monarchy. The monarchy is easy to turn into a dictatorship tyranny, the aristocracy is easy to fall into an oligarchy, and the democracy is easy to evolve into a mobocracy. The Roman "mixed political system", which combines the advantages of various political systems, was the best and most superior political system at that time regarding stability and effectiveness. This kind of political system allows the Roman Republic to internally communicate effectively and keep checks and balances, therefore achieving better collaboration.
An excellegoodnt example is the Roman citizen soldiers. General Assembly is the highest voting body. The important decision to declare war on an enemy state must be passed by the General Assembly. Therefore, Rome will have sufficient communication to common people before the war to let citizens understand why they need to declare war. Once the General Assembly passed a declaration of war, the Roman citizen soldiers knew precisely why they were going to the battlefield. In contrast, many other states’ soldiers are forcibly enlisted free civilians, or mercenaries, or slaves; such army’s morale is usually high when winning, but once the battle is unfavorable, especially when the commander is killed, it will stampede. The Roman citizen soldiers will always maintain strong morale. Even if the commander is killed, the Roman army will not collapse and will fight until the end. The powerful fighting spirit of the Roman citizen soldiers was a magic weapon to defeat enemies in the cold weapon era. It helped the Roman legions win many battles with less manpower and turnaround losing battles. In addition to the performance of the Roman citizen soldiers on the battlefield, the Senate was able to unite the people to overcome the difficulties at critical times, proving the superiority of the Roman political system. In the second Punic War, the military genius Hannibal defeated the Roman legion many times, especially at the Battle of Cannae, in which 80,000 Roman elite warriors were annihilated. At that time, the total population of Rome was only about 1 million. Facing this serious crisis, the Senate liberated 8,000 slaves in the city of Rome, making them Roman citizens joining the Roman legion. The Senate recruited soldiers everywhere, building weapons, and actively preparing for war. At the same time, the Senate admitted that the previous dictator Fabius’ strategy was correct, and went back to the "Fabius Strategy", and played a war of attrition with Hannibal. After arduous efforts, Rome finally had the advantage over the enemies. At the Battle of Zama, Great Scipio defeated Hannibal with the tactics learned from Hannibal and won the second Punic War. In short, the Roman Republic leveraged the most effective collaboration with the most advanced and superior political system, so it was always able to resolve crises, defeat opponents who were even stronger, and eventually assumed hegemony in the Mediterranean region.
The Roman republican regime was so superior that the founding fathers of the United States drew lessons from the Roman regime in many ways when they drafted the Constitution and created the American political system in 1787. The stamp of the Roman Republic can be seen everywhere in American political life. The Senate originally comes from the Latin Senatus. Capitol Hill, formerly known as Jenkins, was renamed after Capitoline Hill, one of the seven hills in Rome. After the victory of the Independence War, George Washington decided to resign from power, saying that he hoped to return to the peaceful life after serving the Republic just like Cincinnatus of ancient Rome. Washington, who "gave up power after achievements," was known as "Cincinnatus of the West." After the intensive discussion of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, the founding fathers designed a system of separation of powers: the executive power is exercised by the president, the legislative power is exercised by the parliament, and the judicial power is exercised by the judges independent from the president and the parliament. The Senate inherited the name of the Senate, and each state has only two seats regardless of its population. The House of Representatives is elected by the public, and the number of state representatives is determined by the population of the state. Similar to the Roman Republic praetor, the Senate, and General Assembly (and tribune), the US president, the parliament, and the supreme court keep checks and balances, and no one has the absolute or uncontrolled power. The president has the veto right on the bill proposed by the parliament, and more than two-thirds of the votes of the parliament can also veto the president's proposal. The United States developed into a world superpower in the past 200 years for many reasons. Undoubtedly, the fact that the United States has established a superior political system which is in line with its own characteristics, is one of the most important reasons. This "separation of powers" political system guaranteed the democratic rights and freedoms of citizens greatly motivated the citizens, and created favorable conditions for maintaining stability and promoting development.
Therefore, a good governance structure is a prerequisite for the rise of a business republic. A governance structure with three parties participating and balancing each other would be ideal: one is the operation team (project team), one is the Senate (foundation), and one is a general assembly (Assembly of token holders). The operation team is responsible for the business operations of the business republic, submitting development strategy proposals and major issues for discussion to the Senate and the Assembly, and implementing them based on the strategies and guidelines agreed by the Senate and Assembly. The rotating CEO of the operation team is elected and must only serve a limited number of terms. The members of the Senate are elected and responsible for discussing on development strategies and major issues, and submitting the discussion results to Assembly. The highest voting body of the business republic is Assembly of token holders, and all major decisions must be voted by Assembly before being effective. Assembly elects representatives of citizens, and they form a committee of citizen representatives. The Citizen Representative Committee represents the interests of average token holders and works with the operation team and the Senate to achieve good governance of the business republic. For less crucial issues, the Committee can make “pass or no pass” decisions on behalf of Assembly. The ideal status is that the three parties perform their duties, representing the interests of their own groups and establishing a delicate balance and an effective mechanism of communication and collaboration, to drive the growth of the business republic. This regime has high requirements for the political intelligence, maturity and personal qualities of the founders, elites and average citizens of the business republic. It also requires everyone to contribute to the governance of the business republic. This is a challenge and an opportunity for growth. Individuals will grow and develop with the business republic if they embrace the challenges and take active participation.
From the above discussion of business logic, operational effectiveness, incentive mechanism, and governance structure, it can be concluded that a business republic is not a traditional business organization with a centralized pyramid structure, but a new type of business collaboration organization with a multi-centered network structure. The rotating CEO and core team, the Senate, and the Citizen Representative Committee are the three centers of the business republic. In addition, the founders, spiritual leaders, and key opinion leaders are actually also the centers of the business republic. These centers can also be referred to as supernodes. Each supernode can contribute its own unique value to the entire network, maximizing the value of the entire network through communication and collaboration, and the value of the supernode itself is also increased. In addition, there are different levels of subnets on the multinational cross-cultural business republic network. Each subnet has certain autonomy and legislative power. As long as it does not conflict with the "constitution" of the business republic, it can be self-governed according to its own specific situation. Such subnets extend at least to the city level, allowing citizens of the business republic in the same city to have autonomy through local council and frequent offline interactions.
In summary, the development of human technology, business wisdom and economic ecosystem to the current level will inevitably lead to the birth of Business Republic, a new type of business collaboration organization with a multi-centered network structure with sound business logic, high operational effectiveness, sufficient incentive mechanism, and excellent governance structure. A business republic works better than traditional business organizations in motivating members, allowing them to collaborate more effectively. Therefore, it is a more advanced and superior form of organization.
However, in the highly competitive business world, the superiority of organizational structure is one of the key factors of winning, not all. In order to rise, a business republic must also have business insight, strong execution, excellent talent acquisition mechanism, clear development path for citizens, superior learning ability and spirit of innovation, a balance between discipline and adventurous spirit, an attitude of openness, tolerance and inclusiveness, as well as good luck and heavenly blessing. Due to the limited length of this article, all of the conditions will not be elaborated. Here is only to emphasize the attitude of the founders and succeeding leaders on power. The birth and development of a business republic is inseparable from the contributions of the founders and succeeding leaders. However, after making outstanding contributions, whether the leaders are to resign or stay, will greatly impact the future of the business republic. President Truman had a very good statement: “There is a lure in power…I want this country to continue as a Republic. Cincinnatus and Washington pointed the way. When Rome forgot Cincinnatus, its downfall began. When we forget the examples of such men as Washington, Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, all of whom could have had a continuation in the office, then will we start down the road to dictatorship and ruin.”
Blockchain brought humanity to the new continent of the digital economy. On this new continent, entrepreneurs can build communities of various organizational forms: rule by the voice of one man alone similar to a monarchy, monopoly of power by a few similar to an aristocracy, all man direct management similar to ancient Greek democracy. Or founders may run the operation like a corporate while keeping the name of a community. History is a mirror for the ups and downs. A community built up by drawing lessons from the Roman Republic political system definitely has superiority and competitive advantage over communities of other organizational forms; such a community can be called the Business Republic. Undoubtedly, there will be hundreds of business republics starting up in the near future, vigorously competing against traditional business empires and communities of other forms.
History has brought us to a great era of excitement! Business Republic, a more advanced and superior new business collaboration organization, right now is just like the imminent rising sun below the horizon, emitting heat and light to everyone, and calling each and all of us. This is a great opportunity for everyone! Regardless of age, gender, wealth and social status, on the new continent of the digital economy, anyone can join in the creation and building of business republics. Everyone can shine, illuminate and warm the people he or she in contact with, and encourage each other to write our very own chapter in the history book of Business Republics!

                 Sam Gao 
                 2018-10-25