bxnl, fb hayrff v'z zvffvat fbzrguvat, v guvax v fubhyq or noyr gb qb vg hfvat gur fpnyr whfg bapr. (nabgure njrfbzr rkcynangvba tencuvp: uggcf://vzthe.pbz/n/cdtax <- pncvgny c naq x gb znxr gur yvax jbex)v gnxr gurfr tebhcf bs onyyf bhg bs gur obk naq cynpr gurz ba gur fpnyr, pnershyyl xrrcvat gurz va gurve tebhc juvyr abgvat juvpu barf v gbbx sebz jung obk: v gnxr 1 bhg bs gur svefg obk, 2 bhg bs gur frpbaq obk, 4 bhg bs gur guveq obk, 8 bhg bs gur sbhegu obk naq 16 bhg bs gur svsgu obk. v pubfr gurfr ahzoref fb gung ab znggre juvpu cnve bs tebhcf v cvpx gb pbzcner v nyjnlf unir havdhr qvssreraprf jura fhogenpgvat gurve ahzoref (gung'f vzcbegnag). v'yy gnxr jungrire gur fpnyr fnlf naq fhogenpg 31 sebz vg (gur rkcrpgrq jrvtug vs nyy onyyf jrer 1 bhapr, orpnhfr 31 onyyf ba gur fpnyr gbgny) naq zhygvcyl gung ol 10 naq v fubhyq unir gur ahzore nqinagntr bs gur urnivre onyyf pbzcnerq gb gur yvtugre barf (v.r. 1 zrnaf gurer'f bar zber urnivre onyy ba gur fpnyr guna yvtug onyyf; -3 zrnaf gurer ner 3 yrff bs gur urnivre onyyf ba gur fpnyr guna yvtug onyyf). fb ng gung cbvag v pna whfg cvacbvag juvpu gjb tebhcf bs onyyf pbzr sebz gur urnivre naq yvtugre obkrf ol gurve ahzore qvssrerapr naq v pna nyfb gryy juvpu bs gur gjb vf juvpu onfrq ba gur erfhyg (< 31 zrnaf gurer jrer zber yvtugre onyyf guna urnil barf, > 31 zrnaf gurer jrer zber urnivre onyyf guna yvtug barf). fb gur bgure 3 obkrf ner gur barf jvgu 1 bhapr onyyf.fb lrnu, v fubhyqa'g arrq gb hfr gur fpnyr zber guna bapr, hayrff v'z zvffvat fbzrguvat rffragvny urer be znqr n zvfgnxr!