如何定义化学反应速度steemCreated with Sketch.

in #steempress5 years ago (edited)

@ryanshan25很通俗形象的介绍了化学动力学。所谓化学动力学,粗略的说就是研究化学反应速度的。化学反应跟汽车飞机一样,都有速度。有些反应速度快,有些反应速度慢。这是很容易理解的,那么化学反应的速度应该如何定义呢?

首先不妨看看什么是速度。速度在物理学里面研究的很透彻,从最简单的匀速直线运动,到稍微复杂一点的匀加速直线运动和圆周运动,中学物理就学了不少。从数学意义上来说,速度无非就是一个变化率。在物理里面讲的这些速度,都是位移随时间的变化率,也就是:

那么如何定义化学反应的速度呢?很明显,对一个化学反应来说,并不存在神马位移。脑补一下实验室有一锅反应,跟煮汤似的,哪有什么位移?总不能反应炉子移动了吧。既然如此,我们就得另找一个能代替位移的量。这个量是什么呢?

其实也很容易想到,一锅反应,随着时间的延长,反应物会变得越来越少,生成的产物会变得越来越多。也就是说,这一锅反应里面的物质会有浓度的变化。好了,搞定了!我们可以用浓度来代替“位移”,用浓度随时间的变化来描述一个化学反应的快慢。如果浓度用 c (concentration) 来表示,时间用t (time) 来表示,那么反应速度r (rate)就是:

OK了,化学反应的速度就是如此这样定义的。如果进一步推广到微积分的概念,也就是当时间的变化趋近于0的时候,上面的式子可以写成:

由此可以看到,这里用到了一些数学知识,甚至包含了微积分。对化学这样一门实验科学来说,需要用到加减乘除以外的数学知识的地方可不多呢,动力学算是其中之一了。

最后呢,还是要打个补丁。严格的说,应该叫反应速率而不是反应速度,就不细讨论了。

关于化学反应速率更深入的讨论,可以参考下面的链接。第一个是英文的,第二个是中文的。

  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_rate
  2. https://baike.baidu.com/item/化学反应速率

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