Here is a video of a USAF C-17's aborted takeoff after an engine blowout caused by bird ingestion. A golf ball would have similar, or maybe even worse damage, as it is more solid than avian bone and flesh.

On US Navy aircraft carriers, the crew often make searches for foreign objects, by slowly marching from bow to stern on the flight deck, looking for anything even as small as a screw or a paper clip, and making sure the deck is clean, before flight ops can commence.